Drinking Patterns and the Distribution of Alcohol-Related Harms in Ireland: Evidence for the Prevention Paradox
Research article
Abstract
Background
According to the prevention paradox, the majority of alcohol-related harms in the population occur among low-to-moderate risk alcohol users, simply because they are more numerous in the population, although high-risk alcohol users have a higher individual risk of experiencing alcohol-related harms. This study explored the prevention paradox in the Irish population by comparing alcohol-dependent users (high-risk) to low-risk alcohol users and non-dependent alcohol users who engage in heavy episodic alcohol use (HED).
Methods
Data were generated from the 2013 National Alcohol Diary Survey (NADS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of Irish adults aged 18–75. Data were available for 4338 alcohol users. Respondents dependent on alcohol (as measured by DSM-IV criteria), respondents who engaged in monthly HED or occasional HED (1–11 times a year) and low-risk alcohol users were compared for distribution of eight alcohol-related harms.
Results
Respondents who were dependent on alcohol had a greater individual risk of experiencing each harm (p < .0001). The majority of the harms in the population were accounted for by alcohol users who were not dependent on alcohol. Together, monthly and occasional HED alcohol users accounted for 62% of all alcohol users, consumed 70% of alcohol and accounted for 59% of alcohol-related harms.
Conclusions
The study results indicate that the majority of alcohol consumption and related harms in the Irish population are accounted for by low- and moderate-risk alcohol users, and specifically by those who engage in heavy episodic alcohol use. A population-based approach to reducing alcohol-related harm is most appropriate in the Irish context. Immediate implementation of the measures in the Public Health (Alcohol) Act (2018) is necessary to reduce alcohol-related harm in Ireland.
