Alcoholic Beverages in Trade Agreements: Industry Lobbying and the Public Health Interest
Summary
In this research editorial the authors discuss three papers presented in an international conference of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol (KBS) and featured in the special section of Drug and Alcohol Review.
The conference was organized by the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research at La Trobe University and by the Melbourne Law School, and sponsored by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, the conference brought together KBS researchers with relevant study interests and researchers in public health and international law to present and discuss papers on the conference topic of Public Health and Global Governance of Alcohol.
The general frame of the meeting was set by the opening paragraph of the invitation to it:
Urgent action is needed by governments to control the marketing, labelling and availability of alcohol given the growing evidence about the burden of disease and premature mortality associated with alcohol consumption. But alcohol needs to be seen not just as a domestic issue, but as a global health problem. The sources of the harm (especially in the form of global alcohol industry conduct) cross borders, nearly all countries experience a range of harms from alcohol consumption, and the potential solutions to these problems increasingly require international innovation and solidarity through global governance. In this context, ‘global governance’ refers to the laws, rules, norms, institutions, processes and practices of state and non‐state actors across national borders relating to alcohol.
Opening paragraph, invitation to international conference of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol (KBS)
The three papers featured in the special issue relate to a cluster of research presented at the conference on the interplay between alcohol industry interests and the processes of determining, at both national and international levels, issues involving alcohol products and market interests in trade and investment agreements.
Three further forthcoming papers in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs consider issues around conflict of interest and alcohol industry submissions and involvement in national and international policymaking. Eight forthcoming papers in the European Journal of Risk Regulation are concerned with issues in the global governance of alcohol in the context of the World Health Organization and other intergovernmental organizations and agreements. Revisions of several other papers presented at the conference are also published or forthcoming in other journals.
In the 1990s, the focus of discussions of global governance of international trade would have been primarily on multilateral agreements on trade in commodities under the World Trade Organization (WTO) umbrella. In this context, alcoholic beverages are primarily regarded as just another set of items of consumption, subject to trade rules that sought to create an open international market for commodities, free of governmental restrictions, which in this context are conceived as ‘barriers to trade’. ‘Public health exceptions’ in trade treaties, in principle, offered some protection for measures that controlled and restricted imports in the interest of public health, but justifying exceptions for alcohol on these grounds has proven difficult and uncertain. Recent decades have seen some fragmentation in the system, with multiple bilateral and regional trade agreements becoming the primary forums for negotiation, and the growth of ‘investor‐state dispute settlement’ provisions to protect private investments from state actions. Meanwhile, however, the WTO and its institutions remain an important part of the picture.
The paper by Miller et al examines submissions to a national government agency by the alcohol industry and relevant business associations about alcohol issues in negotiations on free trade agreements. The submissions available for study are public documents, so the paper examines the public side of industry lobbying, not what goes on behind closed doors. As the paper notes, a key priority for the submissions was the reduction or elimination of tariffs, which does have public health implications, as do efforts to harmonize regulations or reduce them. The paper thus makes a case for public health input to trade agreement negotiations.
The paper by Gleeson and O’Brien examines some of the outcomes of negotiations like those that were the subject of the submissions studied by Miller and associates. They find that, although the Trans‐Pacific Partnership negotiated in 2015 did not go into effect in its original form, the innovation that it had included, a provision that government requirements for health warnings and other health information on containers of alcoholic beverages could be satisfied by putting the information on an ill‐defined ‘supplementary label’ was subsequently adopted in several other trade agreements. The authors found versions of this provision, clearly preferencing industry over public health interests, in five regional or bilateral trade agreements signed between 2016 and 2019.
The paper by Janardhan describes the issues for alcohol control in the more general context of building public health exceptions into free trade agreements. The article notes that, although bilateral and regional trade agreements have been pursued as a more flexible alternative to the WTO agreements, jurisprudence interpreting and applying them still falls back on rulings about WTO provisions. To limit, on public health grounds, the application of trade rules to alcohol, Janardhan suggests that one option is ‘carveouts’ specifically for alcohol, as has been done for tobacco in some agreements and for alcohol in one, the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement, but that a better solution would be ‘creating stronger and more legally defensible general health exceptions’ in the agreements.
The editors conclude that these three papers are a timely contribution concerning issues in the global governance of alcohol, applying in the specific area of alcohol problems considerations that also arise more generally concerning how trade agreements may deter governments from pursuing public health and welfare interests.
