The Effect of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption on Poverty in the United Kingdom
Abstract
Background and Aims
Tobacco and alcohol use are major risk factors for premature mortality and morbidity. Tobacco and alcohol expenditure may also exacerbate poverty. This study aimed to estimate the financial impact of tobacco and alcohol consumption in low income households in the United Kingdom.
Design
The researchers undertook a cross-sectional study using a secondary dataset. A sample of 5031 households participated in the 2016–17 Living Costs and Food Survey. This study measured the weekly household income and expenditure on tobacco and alcohol, and the proportion of households with expenditure on tobacco and alcohol overall, by income decile and in households in relative poverty (below 60% of the median household income). Estimates were extrapolated using population data to estimate the number of UK households, adults and children that would be classified as living in relative poverty on the basis of net income after subtracting tobacco or alcohol expenditure (‘tobacco and alcohol expenditure-adjusted poverty’).
Findings
Spending on alcohol was more common in high income groups; 83% of households in the highest and 47% in the lowest income decile purchased alcohol. The reverse was true for tobacco, which was purchased by 8% and 24% of households in the highest and lowest income deciles respectively.
Twenty-three percent of households in relative poverty purchased tobacco and 49% alcohol, with a median expenditure of £12.50 and £9.55 per week, respectively. A total of 320,000 households comprising 590,000 adults and 175,000 children were in alcohol expenditure-adjusted poverty, and 230,000 households, comprising 400,000 adults and 180,000 children in tobacco-expenditure adjusted poverty.
Conclusions
Tobacco and alcohol expenditure appear to exacerbate poverty in low income households in the United Kingdom. Hundreds of thousands of additional households would be defined as living in relative poverty based on their income after subtracting their tobacco and alcohol expenditure.