Trends and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in Rwanda: results from the 2015 and 2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey (RDHS 2015 and 2020)
Research article
Abstract
Background
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is reported to be a public health issue given its magnitude and long-lasting consequences. Men are generally thought to be perpetrators of IPV, but they can also be victims.
In Rwanda, the experience of men as victims has not yet been described and characterized. The aim of this study is to examine the trends and correlates of IPV victimization for men and women in Rwanda.
Methods
The data for this study were extracted from the Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) in 2014/15 (female: n = 8292, male: n = 3470) and 2019/2020 (female = 8574, male: n = 3590).
The survey had used a structured measure of IPV (i.e. physical, sexual, or emotional) and its related demographic characteristics to collect data in a nationally representative sample of ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years and men aged 15 to 59 years.
Multiple logistic regression was applied to examine the association between demographic characteristics and IPV in both women and men.
Result
The prevalence of IPV among women increased from 40% in 2015 to 46% in 2020, while it decreased from 21 to 18% in men during the same time period.
The associated factors for women IPV victimization in 2015 were:
The associated factors for women IPV victimization in 2020 were:
- uneducated husband (Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) = 5.570),
- husband consuming alcohol (AOR = 3.021),
- woman from the poorest household (AOR = 2.834),
- husband aged from 30 to 39 years (AOR = 2.797),
- women involved in decisions about their own earnings (AOR = 0.576), and
- purchases (AOR = 0.472).
- uneducated husbands (AOR = 3.032),
- husbands consuming alcohol (AOR = 1.712),
- a woman’s involvement in decisions on her personal health (AOR = 0.443), and
- visits from her family or relatives (AOR = 0.405) were factors of IPV in 2020.
On the other hand, the associated factors for men IPV victimization in 2015 and 2020 were:
- woman often consuming alcohol (AOR = 13.30),
- frequency of being hit in last 12 months by other than partner (AOR = 5.49),
- being from richer wealth index (AOR = 0.21),
- whereas its associated factor in 2020 were women consuming alcohol (AOR = 3.91).
Conclusion
The present study revealed a significant increase in IPV against women, and slight decrease of IPV against men in Rwanda from 2015 to 2020, as well as its associated risks and protective factors over time.
This increase needs further exploration given that government and partners have invested in policies and strategies to mitigate the IPV with limited impact. Since there is a relationship between IPV prevalence and education, the existing laws on domestic violence need to be known by the citizens.
Findings from this study evidenced also visits from extended families to be a protective factor and therefore suggesting the necessity of a family and community-based approach in managing IPV in Rwanda. Future studies to assess the effectiveness of community-based approach in preventing IPV.
Findings about alcohol and IPV in Rwanda
Prior research has shown that women who experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence have a risk of developing physical problems, including difficulty accessing and using antenatal care services for pregnant women, as well as mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicide, and alcohol use disorder.
The socio-ecological model categorizes the risk factors that influence the occurrence of IPV as individual, relationship, community, and societal level factors. A young age, low level of education, unemployment, alcohol use, witnessing parental violence, relationship quality, having multiple partners, poverty, culture, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social norms are among these factors.
Women whose husbands/partners consumed alcohol were 3.021 times more likely to face IPV than women whose husbands did not drink alcohol (AOR = 3.021),
In multivariate analysis in 2020, women with uneducated husbands (AOR = 3.032) and women whose husbands consumed alcohol (AOR = 1.712) were exposed to greater risks of IPV.
According to the study, the associated factors of intimate partner violence were women’s wealth index, the husband/partner’s age and level of education, partners’ alcohol usage, and women’s participation in the decision making about their health, earnings, purchases, and visits to relatives or friends.
The study also found that women whose husbands use alcohol are at high risk of experiencing intimate partner violence, which is consistent with findings from other studies.
