Did the association between alcohol outlet density and crime change during COVID shelter-in-place orders?
Original paper
Key Points
- On-sale alcohol outlet density was significantly and positively associated with more total crimes and Part 1 crimes.
- Shelter-in-place orders moderated the associations of on-sale outlet density with crime such that there were reductions in total and Part 1 crimes in higher on-sale outlet density areas when shelter-in-place restrictions were in place.
- The study’s primary hypothesis was supported in that the association between on-sale density and crime was affected by the changes (e.g., temporary closures or restrictions on allowing patrons on the premises) in the operation of on-sale establishments during Los Angeles County’s shelter-in-place orders.
- These findings are consistent with previous studies on the relationships between on-sale alcohol outlet density and alcohol sales limits with crime and reinforce prevention efforts that include limits on the number of outlets and hours of sale.
Abstract
Introduction
The researchers investigated whether greater concentrations of on- and off-sale alcohol outlets were linked with crime and whether this association was moderated by COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders (SIP) that restricted on-premises consumption of alcohol.
Methods
Crimes (2019–2020) and addresses of licenced alcohol outlets in a medium-sized California city were geocoded within census block groups (N = 61). On- and off-sale alcohol outlet density was calculated as licenced outlets/2.59 km2 (1 square mile). Multilevel negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between alcohol outlet density and crime, and possible moderating effects of SIP, controlling for block group demographic characteristics and density of other retail businesses.
Results
On-sale outlet density was positively associated with total crimes and Part 2 crimes, while off-sale outlet density was inversely associated with total crime and Part 2 crimes. Overall, SIP was not significantly associated with crime, but moderated the associations of on-sale density with total crime and Part 1 crimes such that reductions in crime during SIP were observed in higher density areas. The association of off-sale outlets with crime was not moderated by SIP policies.
Discussion and Conclusion
On-sale outlet density, but not off-sale density, appears to be associated with increased crime. The results further indicate that limits in hours and service imposed by SIP policies reduced crime in high on-sale outlet density areas. These findings reinforce the importance of regulating alcohol outlet density and hours of service, especially for on-sale outlets, as a crime reduction strategy.
